One of the major issues concerning research on Crypto-Jews is the exact term which should be used. Is it Marrano, Converso, Crypto Jew, Secret Jew, Hidden Jew, New Christian, or Anusim? The following article, from Volume 3, Spring 2011, pages 150-155, discusses this issue.
Dr. Abraham D. Lavender
Editor in Chief, JOSPIC-J
In Volume 1 (2009) of this journal, it was noted that one of the major issues facing the growing academic study of “crypto Jews” is which term to use to describe the Jews in Spain, Portugal, or Italy who converted, or pretended to convert, to Christianity in the time of the Inquisition. An analysis of 118 books which included, in the title or subtitle, one or more of seven terms, was included. This is an update, analyzing 134 books (146 words) including some new listings and some not listed in 2009. This list is extensive, but not complete, and more listings are welcomed. Following are changes in the seven terms since 1925, in three time periods. There also has been a large increase in the number of books by decade; 1920s, 2; 1930s, 4; 1940s, 5; 1950s, 1; 1960s, 4; 1970s, 13; 1980s, 22; 1990s, 31; 2000s, 49; 2010s so far, 3. The continuous increase began in the 1970s.
In the early period, Marrano was the most used term, and Converso was second. In the middle period, Converso strongly passed Marrano to become the most used term. Since 2000, Converso has decreased, but still remains a strong first, and Crypto Jew has narrowly passed Marrano to become second. New Christian ranked a distant third in the early period, but has decreased since then. Secret Jew and especially Hidden Jew are seldom used. Anusim is still rarely used in books, although it is increasingly being used in articles.
1925-1939 (6 books, 7 words)
Os Cristaos-Novos em Portugal No Seculo XX , 1925, Samuel Schwartz
Report on the Marranos or Crypto-Jews of Portugal : Presented to the Alliance Israelite Universelle and the Council of the Anglo-Jewish Association, 1926, Lucian Wofle
A History of the Marranos , 1932, Cecil Roth
Die Marranen in Der Rabbinischen Literatur , 1932, H.J. Zimmels
History of the Jews, From the Rise of Kabbala to the Permanent Settlement of the Marranos in Holland 1618 C.E., 1933 , Heinrich. Graetz
Marranos and Other Poems , 1935, Abraham Morganstern
1940-1969 (10 books, 10 words)
New Marranos: A Play in Seven Scenes , 1940, Samuel J. Citron
Los Marranos, Un Intento de Definicion , 1946, Boleslao Lewin
Samuel Usque: Marrano Historian of the Sixteenth Century , 1946, Abraham A. Newman
Hispano-Arabic Marrano and its Hispano-Latin Homophone , 1948, Yakov Malkiel
Ha-Anusim: A Story From the Days of the Spanish Inquisition , 1940s, Meir Mitchell (in Hebrew)
Alvar Garcia de Santa Maria: Historia de la Juderia de Burgos y de Sus Conversos Mas Egregios , 1952, Francisco Cantera Burgos
The Chosen One: A Novel of the Marranos in Portugal and the Inquisition , 1964, Harry Simonoff
The Marranos of Spain: From the Late 14th to the Early 16th Century , 1966, Benjamin Netanyahu
Marrano-Jewish Entrepreneurship and the Ottoman Mercantilist Probe in the Sixteenth Century , 1967, Ellis Rivkin
The Records of the Inquisition: A Source of Jewish and Converso History (Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities , 1967, Haim Beinart
1970-1979 (13 books, 13 words)
Os Cripto-Judeus , 1970, Amilcar Paulo
Os Marranos em Portugal: Reminiscencias Judio-Portuguesas , 1971, Amilcar Paulo
Cristaos Novos na Bahia , 1972, Anita Novinsky
The Chuetas of Marjorca: Conversos and the Inquisition of Majorca , 1972, Baruch Braunstein
The Converso Community in 15th – 17th Century Spain , 1972, Haim Beinart
The Martyr: Luis de Carvajal, a Secret Jew in Sixteenth Century Mexico , 1973, Martin A. Cohen
The Secret Jews , 1973, Joachim Prinz
How Jewish Were the Marranos , 1973, Ellis Rivkin
History of Anti-Semitism: From Mahommed to the Marranos , 1974, Leon Poliakov
The De Pinto Manuscript: A 17th Century Marrano Family History , 1975, H.P. Salomon
Los Origenes del Problema Converso , 1976, Eloy Benito Ruano
Marrano , 1976, Martin H. Ross
The Mirror of the New Christians , 1977, Francisco Machado, Frank E.Talmadge, and Mildred E. Vieira
1980-1989 (22 books, 23 words)
The Re-education of Marranos in the Seventeenth Century , 1980, Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi
Conversos on Trial: The Inquisition in Ciudad Real , 1981, Haim Beinart
Marranos , 1981, Liliane Webb
Marrano Ibero-Romance: Classification and Research Tasks , 1982, Paul Wexler
Marrano Poets of the Seventeenth Century , 1982, Timothy Oelman
Sobre Judios, Moriscos y Conversos: Convivencia y Ruptura de la Trescastas , 1982, Jose Jimenez Lozano
Los Conversos Ante el Tribunal de la Inquisicion , 1983, Haim Beinart
Sobre Arabes, Judios y Marranos y su Impacto en la Lengua y Literatura Espanolas , 1983, Joseph M. Sol Sole
El Xueta, o, Les Set Vides d’un Descendant de Jueus Conversos , 1984, M. Ferra I Martorell
Jews and Conversos: Studies in Society and the Inquisition , 1985, Yosef Kaplan
Las Conversos: Pieza Teatral en dos Pares , 1985, Solly Wolodarsky
Os Judeus Secretos , 1985, Amilar Paulo
The Conversos of Majorca: Life and Death in a Crypto-Jewish Community in 17th Century Spain , 1986, Angela S. Selke
La Inquisicion en Andalucia: Resistencia de Los Conversos a su Implantacion , 1986, Antonio Cascales Ramos
Gaspar da Gama: Un Converso na Frota de Cabral , 1987, E. Lipiner
Roots and Boots: From Crypto-Jew in New Spain to Community Leader in the American Southwest , 1987, Floyd S. Fierman
Conversos and the Inquisition in Jaen , 1988, Luis Coronos Tejada
El Auto de Fe de 1593: Los Conversos Granadinos de Origen Judio , 1988, Maria Antonia Bel Bravo
The Marrano Prince , 1988, Avner Gold
The Marrano: Poems , 1988, Barry Goldensohn and Douglas Kinsey
Ya Converso Mas , 1989
Spinoza and Other Heretics: The Marranos of Reason (Volume 1),
1989, Yirmiyahi Yovel
1990-1999 (31 books, 32 words)
The Last Crypto-Jews of Portugal , 1990, David Augusto Canelo
Judio Conversos: Los Antepasados Judios de las Familias Tradicionales Argentinas , 1990, Mario Javier Saban
La Clase Social de Los Conversos in Castilla en la Edad Moderna , 1991, Antonio Dominguez Ortiz
Ben-Anusim , 1991, Avi Katz, Orit Uziel
In the Shadow of History: Jews and Conversos at the Dawn of Modernity , 1992, Jose Faur
Los Marranos en el Paraguay Colonial , 1992, Clara E. Cohan
The Marranos: A Novel , 1992, Howard Rose
Columbus, Marrano Discoverer from Mallorca: In Honor of the 500th Anniversary of the Discovery of America by Columbus , 1992, Martin Sable
La Fine del Giudaismo Siciliano: Ebrei Marrani e Inquisizione Spagnold Prima, Durante e Dopo la Cacciata del 1492 , 1993, Francesco Renda
El Siddur en Catala dels Conversos Jueus: Conservat a la Reial Academia , 1993, Jaume Riera i Sans
Marranos y la Economia en El Rio de la Plata, 1993, Mario J. Saban
The Mezuzah in the Madonna’s Foot: Marranos and Other Secret Jews , 1994, Trudi Alexy
Trujillo-Indias, Una Ruta de Conversos , 1994, Alicia Gojman de Backal
Inquisicion y Conversos: Conferencias Pronunciadas en el III Curso de Cultura Hispano-Judia y Sefardi de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , 1994, Asociacion de Amigos del Museo Sefardi-Caja e Castilla la Mancha
Los Conversos, Victimas o Victimarios de Espana , 1994, Federico Rivanera Carles
Judios, Sefarditas, Conversos: La Expulsion de 1492 y Sus Consecuencias , 1995, Angel Alcala Ambito
Las Raices de la Hidalguia Guipuzcoana: El Control de los Judios, Conversos y Extranjeros en Guipuzcoa Durante el Siglo XVI , 1995, Jose Luis Orella
Conversos, Inquisition and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain , 1995, Norman Roth
Identidad y Cultura en Conversos del Siglo XVII en Puebla de Los Angeles (Cuadernos de Investigacion), 1995, Alicia G. De Backal
Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews , 1996, David Gitlitz
Sephardim of Portland and Seattle Plus Crypto Jews of the American Southwest , 1996, William Kramer
Marrano as Metaphor: The Jewish Presence in French Writing , 1996, Elaine Marks
Ben Rosh: Biografia do Capitao Barros Basto, O Apostolo dos Marranos , 1997, Elvira Azevedo Mea
Maestre Pedro de la Cabra, Medico Converso Aragones del Siglo XV: Autor de unas Coplas de Arte Menor , 1998, Encarnacion Marin Padilla
Toward the Inquisition: Essays on Jewish and Converso History in Late Medieval Spain , 1998, Benzion Netanyahnu
A Drizzle of Honey: The Lives and Recipes of Spain’s Secret Jews , 1999, David M. Gitlitz and Linda Kay Davidson
Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam , 1999, Miriam Bodian
Sobre Jueus I Conversos de les Balears, 1999, Lleonard Muntaner
Portugal’s Secret Jews: The End of an Era , 1999, Eduardo Mayone Dias
The New Otherness: Marrano Dualities in the First Generation , 1999, Yirmiyahu Yovel
Heretics or Daughters of Israel? The Crypto-Jewish Women of Castile , 1999, Renee Levine Melammed
2000-2010 (49 books, 60 words)
Judio y Conversos en la Castilla Medieval , 2000, Julio Valdeon Baruque
Linajudos and Conversos in Seville: Greed and Prejudice in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Spain , 2000, Ruth Pike
Crypto-Judaism and the Spanish Inquisition , 2001, Michael Alpert
Troubled Souls: Conversos, Crypto-Jews, and Other Confused Intellectuals From the Fourteenth Through the Eighteenth Century , 2001, Charles Meyers and Norman T. Simms
The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and its New Christians 1536-1765 , 2001, Jose Saraiva, H.P. Salomon, I.S.D. Sassoon
Marrano , 2001, P.E. Jeffe
The Conquistodores and Crypto-Jews of Monterrey , 2001, David T. Raphael
Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews , 2002, Janet Liebman Jacobs
Incognito: Journey of a Secret Jew , 2002, Maria Espinosa
Diasporas Within a Diaspora; Jews, Crypto-Jews, and the World of Maritime Empires 1540-1740 , 2002, Jonathan Irvine Israel
Tu Vi Marrano , 2002, Luciano Ascoli
The Evolution of Converso Literature: The Writings of the Converted Jews of Medieval Spain , 2002, Gregory B. Kaplan
Converso, ou, La Fuite au Mexique: Roman , 2002, Michel Host
Souls in Dispute: Converso Identities in Iberia and the Jewish Diaspora, 1580-1700 , 2003, David L. Graizbord
In the Shadow of the Virgin: Inquisitors, Frairs, and “Conversos” in Guadalupe, Spain , 2003, Gretchen D. Starr-LeBeau
Los Conversos en Espana y Portugal , 2003, Juan Ignacio Pulido Serrano
A Network of Converso Families in Early Modern Toledo: Assimilating a Minority , 2003, Linda Martz
The Marrano Legacy: A Contemporary Crypto-Jewish Priest Reveals Secrets of His Double Life , 2003, Trudi Alexy
La Geste del Marrano , 2003, Marcos Aquinis
Entre La Cruz y La Hoguera: Sefarditas, Conversos y Anusim , 2003, Manuel Hernandez Gomez
De Judios a Judeo-Conversos: Reflexiones Sobre El Ser Converso , 2003, Rica Amran
A Question of Identity: Iberian Conversos in Historical Perspectives , 2004, Renee Levine Melammed
The Converso Legacy , 2004, Sheldon Gardner
El Converso , 2004, Jose Manuel Fajardo Gonzalez
Inquisitional Inquiries: Brief Lives of Secret Jews and Other Heretics , 2004, Richard L. Kagan and Abigail Dyer
Remnants of Crypto-Jews Among Hispanic Americans , 2004, Gloria Golden
Crypto-Judaism, Madness, and “the Female Quixote”:Charlotte Lennox as Marrana in Mid-Eighteenth Century England , 2004, Norman T. Simms
To the End of the Earth: A History of the Crypto-Jews of New Mexico , 2005, Stanley M. Hordes
Dicionario Sefaradi de Sobrenomes/Dictionary of Sephardic Surnames: Inclusive Cristaos-Novos, Conversos, Marranos, Italianos, Berberes E Sua Historie Na Espanha, Portugal e Italia/Including Christianized Jews, Conversos , 2005, Guilhemme Faigenboim, Paulo Valadares, and Anna Rosa Compagnano
La Leyenda Negra de Expana y Los Marranos , 2006, Adolfo Kuznitzky
Converso, 2006, Hazel Arnett
Dying in the Law of Moses: Crypto-Jewish Martyrdom in the Iberian World , 2007, Miriam Bodian
Barros Basto, the Marrano Mirage: A New Vision of the Life and Work of the Apostle of the Marranos , 2007, Alexandre Teixeira Mendes
Dictionary of Iberian Jewish and Converso Authors , 2007, Norman Roth
My Grandmother’s Letters: A Jewish Legacy in the New World Among the Hidden Jews of New Mexico , 2007, Charlene Mitchell Gallegos Neely
Um Morgada de Miserias: O Auto de Um Poeta Marrano , 2007, Benair Alcaraz Fernandes Ribeiro
Marrano , 2007, P.E. Jeffe
Judios Conversos: La Influencia Hebrea en los Origenes de las Familias Tradicionales Argentinas , 2007, Mario Javier Saban
Carcao, A Capital do Marranismo , 2008, Maria Fernanda Guirmaraes and Julio Andrade
Brotherhood of the Light: A Novel About the Penitentes and the Crypto-Jews of New Mexico , 2008, Ray Michael Baca
Atlantic Diasporas: Jews, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism 1500-1800 , 2008, Richard L. Kagan and Philip D. Morgan
New Mexico’s Crypto-Jews: Image and Memory , 2008, Cary Herz, Ori Z. Soltes, and Mona Hernandez
Conversos of the Americas , 2008, Keith Fogel and Marlan E. Fogel
Guglielmo Raimondo Moncada Alias Flavio Mitridate: Un Ebreo Converso Siciliano , 2008, Luciana Pepi, Maauro Perani
Marranos on the Maradas: Secret Jews and Penitentes in the Southwestern United States , 2009, Norman T. Simms
The Other Within, the Marranos: Split Identity and Emerging Modernity , 2009, Yirmiyahu Yovel
Juggling Identities: Identity and Authenticity Among the Crypto-Jews , 2009, Seth D. Kunin
Converso , 2009, Mario X. Martinez
Portuguese Jewry at the Stake: Studies on Jews and Crypto Jews , 2009, Yom Tov Assis and Moises Orfali (eds). (in Hebrew)
2010-present (3 books, 3 words)
La Alianza del Converso , 2010, Augustin Bernaldo Palatchi
Mexicans of Converso Descent , 2010 (30 pages), Diego Rivera, Luis de Carabajal y Cueva, Diego de Montemayor, Francisco Guevara, Roberto de La Rocha
Hispanics of Converso Descent , 2010 (38 pages), Diego Rivera
Endnotes
1. Anusim is a plural term. As Lavender (2009) noted (p. 8), the term is rarely used in English in plural form and even less in singular form (anus or anous), probably because of the similarity to an English word that some readers consider negative. As a Hebrew word, it is used in Israel more than elsewhere. See Abraham D. Lavender, “The Secret Jews of Spain, Portugal, and Italy and Their Descendants Today: Major Issues in a Growing Field of Academic Research,” JOSPIC-J, Volume 1, Spring 2009, pp. 3-16. Since 2000, there is also a small tendency to use two different words, one in the title and another in the subtitle, perhaps reflecting the current ambiguity about the correct word, or the existence of a transition period, or, perhaps, to “play it safe” and get the “biggest bang for the buck.” This is also common in books about African Americans, or Blacks, frequently following this two-word pattern.
In the early period, Marrano was the most used term, and Converso was second. In the middle period, Converso strongly passed Marrano to become the most used term. Since 2000, Converso has decreased, but still remains a strong first, and Crypto Jew has narrowly passed Marrano to become second. New Christian ranked a distant third in the early period, but has decreased since then. Secret Jew and especially Hidden Jew are seldom used. Anusim is still rarely used in books, although it is increasingly being used in articles.
1925-1939 (6 books, 7 words)
Os Cristaos-Novos em Portugal No Seculo XX , 1925, Samuel Schwartz
Report on the Marranos or Crypto-Jews of Portugal : Presented to the Alliance Israelite Universelle and the Council of the Anglo-Jewish Association, 1926, Lucian Wofle
A History of the Marranos , 1932, Cecil Roth
Die Marranen in Der Rabbinischen Literatur , 1932, H.J. Zimmels
History of the Jews, From the Rise of Kabbala to the Permanent Settlement of the Marranos in Holland 1618 C.E., 1933 , Heinrich. Graetz
Marranos and Other Poems , 1935, Abraham Morganstern
1940-1969 (10 books, 10 words)
New Marranos: A Play in Seven Scenes , 1940, Samuel J. Citron
Los Marranos, Un Intento de Definicion , 1946, Boleslao Lewin
Samuel Usque: Marrano Historian of the Sixteenth Century , 1946, Abraham A. Newman
Hispano-Arabic Marrano and its Hispano-Latin Homophone , 1948, Yakov Malkiel
Ha-Anusim: A Story From the Days of the Spanish Inquisition , 1940s, Meir Mitchell (in Hebrew)
Alvar Garcia de Santa Maria: Historia de la Juderia de Burgos y de Sus Conversos Mas Egregios , 1952, Francisco Cantera Burgos
The Chosen One: A Novel of the Marranos in Portugal and the Inquisition , 1964, Harry Simonoff
The Marranos of Spain: From the Late 14th to the Early 16th Century , 1966, Benjamin Netanyahu
Marrano-Jewish Entrepreneurship and the Ottoman Mercantilist Probe in the Sixteenth Century , 1967, Ellis Rivkin
The Records of the Inquisition: A Source of Jewish and Converso History (Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities , 1967, Haim Beinart
1970-1979 (13 books, 13 words)
Os Cripto-Judeus , 1970, Amilcar Paulo
Os Marranos em Portugal: Reminiscencias Judio-Portuguesas , 1971, Amilcar Paulo
Cristaos Novos na Bahia , 1972, Anita Novinsky
The Chuetas of Marjorca: Conversos and the Inquisition of Majorca , 1972, Baruch Braunstein
The Converso Community in 15th – 17th Century Spain , 1972, Haim Beinart
The Martyr: Luis de Carvajal, a Secret Jew in Sixteenth Century Mexico , 1973, Martin A. Cohen
The Secret Jews , 1973, Joachim Prinz
How Jewish Were the Marranos , 1973, Ellis Rivkin
History of Anti-Semitism: From Mahommed to the Marranos , 1974, Leon Poliakov
The De Pinto Manuscript: A 17th Century Marrano Family History , 1975, H.P. Salomon
Los Origenes del Problema Converso , 1976, Eloy Benito Ruano
Marrano , 1976, Martin H. Ross
The Mirror of the New Christians , 1977, Francisco Machado, Frank E.Talmadge, and Mildred E. Vieira
1980-1989 (22 books, 23 words)
The Re-education of Marranos in the Seventeenth Century , 1980, Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi
Conversos on Trial: The Inquisition in Ciudad Real , 1981, Haim Beinart
Marranos , 1981, Liliane Webb
Marrano Ibero-Romance: Classification and Research Tasks , 1982, Paul Wexler
Marrano Poets of the Seventeenth Century , 1982, Timothy Oelman
Sobre Judios, Moriscos y Conversos: Convivencia y Ruptura de la Trescastas , 1982, Jose Jimenez Lozano
Los Conversos Ante el Tribunal de la Inquisicion , 1983, Haim Beinart
Sobre Arabes, Judios y Marranos y su Impacto en la Lengua y Literatura Espanolas , 1983, Joseph M. Sol Sole
El Xueta, o, Les Set Vides d’un Descendant de Jueus Conversos , 1984, M. Ferra I Martorell
Jews and Conversos: Studies in Society and the Inquisition , 1985, Yosef Kaplan
Las Conversos: Pieza Teatral en dos Pares , 1985, Solly Wolodarsky
Os Judeus Secretos , 1985, Amilar Paulo
The Conversos of Majorca: Life and Death in a Crypto-Jewish Community in 17th Century Spain , 1986, Angela S. Selke
La Inquisicion en Andalucia: Resistencia de Los Conversos a su Implantacion , 1986, Antonio Cascales Ramos
Gaspar da Gama: Un Converso na Frota de Cabral , 1987, E. Lipiner
Roots and Boots: From Crypto-Jew in New Spain to Community Leader in the American Southwest , 1987, Floyd S. Fierman
Conversos and the Inquisition in Jaen , 1988, Luis Coronos Tejada
El Auto de Fe de 1593: Los Conversos Granadinos de Origen Judio , 1988, Maria Antonia Bel Bravo
The Marrano Prince , 1988, Avner Gold
The Marrano: Poems , 1988, Barry Goldensohn and Douglas Kinsey
Ya Converso Mas , 1989
Spinoza and Other Heretics: The Marranos of Reason (Volume 1),
1989, Yirmiyahi Yovel
1990-1999 (31 books, 32 words)
The Last Crypto-Jews of Portugal , 1990, David Augusto Canelo
Judio Conversos: Los Antepasados Judios de las Familias Tradicionales Argentinas , 1990, Mario Javier Saban
La Clase Social de Los Conversos in Castilla en la Edad Moderna , 1991, Antonio Dominguez Ortiz
Ben-Anusim , 1991, Avi Katz, Orit Uziel
In the Shadow of History: Jews and Conversos at the Dawn of Modernity , 1992, Jose Faur
Los Marranos en el Paraguay Colonial , 1992, Clara E. Cohan
The Marranos: A Novel , 1992, Howard Rose
Columbus, Marrano Discoverer from Mallorca: In Honor of the 500th Anniversary of the Discovery of America by Columbus , 1992, Martin Sable
La Fine del Giudaismo Siciliano: Ebrei Marrani e Inquisizione Spagnold Prima, Durante e Dopo la Cacciata del 1492 , 1993, Francesco Renda
El Siddur en Catala dels Conversos Jueus: Conservat a la Reial Academia , 1993, Jaume Riera i Sans
Marranos y la Economia en El Rio de la Plata, 1993, Mario J. Saban
The Mezuzah in the Madonna’s Foot: Marranos and Other Secret Jews , 1994, Trudi Alexy
Trujillo-Indias, Una Ruta de Conversos , 1994, Alicia Gojman de Backal
Inquisicion y Conversos: Conferencias Pronunciadas en el III Curso de Cultura Hispano-Judia y Sefardi de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , 1994, Asociacion de Amigos del Museo Sefardi-Caja e Castilla la Mancha
Los Conversos, Victimas o Victimarios de Espana , 1994, Federico Rivanera Carles
Judios, Sefarditas, Conversos: La Expulsion de 1492 y Sus Consecuencias , 1995, Angel Alcala Ambito
Las Raices de la Hidalguia Guipuzcoana: El Control de los Judios, Conversos y Extranjeros en Guipuzcoa Durante el Siglo XVI , 1995, Jose Luis Orella
Conversos, Inquisition and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain , 1995, Norman Roth
Identidad y Cultura en Conversos del Siglo XVII en Puebla de Los Angeles (Cuadernos de Investigacion), 1995, Alicia G. De Backal
Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews , 1996, David Gitlitz
Sephardim of Portland and Seattle Plus Crypto Jews of the American Southwest , 1996, William Kramer
Marrano as Metaphor: The Jewish Presence in French Writing , 1996, Elaine Marks
Ben Rosh: Biografia do Capitao Barros Basto, O Apostolo dos Marranos , 1997, Elvira Azevedo Mea
Maestre Pedro de la Cabra, Medico Converso Aragones del Siglo XV: Autor de unas Coplas de Arte Menor , 1998, Encarnacion Marin Padilla
Toward the Inquisition: Essays on Jewish and Converso History in Late Medieval Spain , 1998, Benzion Netanyahnu
A Drizzle of Honey: The Lives and Recipes of Spain’s Secret Jews , 1999, David M. Gitlitz and Linda Kay Davidson
Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam , 1999, Miriam Bodian
Sobre Jueus I Conversos de les Balears, 1999, Lleonard Muntaner
Portugal’s Secret Jews: The End of an Era , 1999, Eduardo Mayone Dias
The New Otherness: Marrano Dualities in the First Generation , 1999, Yirmiyahu Yovel
Heretics or Daughters of Israel? The Crypto-Jewish Women of Castile , 1999, Renee Levine Melammed
2000-2010 (49 books, 60 words)
Judio y Conversos en la Castilla Medieval , 2000, Julio Valdeon Baruque
Linajudos and Conversos in Seville: Greed and Prejudice in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Spain , 2000, Ruth Pike
Crypto-Judaism and the Spanish Inquisition , 2001, Michael Alpert
Troubled Souls: Conversos, Crypto-Jews, and Other Confused Intellectuals From the Fourteenth Through the Eighteenth Century , 2001, Charles Meyers and Norman T. Simms
The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and its New Christians 1536-1765 , 2001, Jose Saraiva, H.P. Salomon, I.S.D. Sassoon
Marrano , 2001, P.E. Jeffe
The Conquistodores and Crypto-Jews of Monterrey , 2001, David T. Raphael
Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews , 2002, Janet Liebman Jacobs
Incognito: Journey of a Secret Jew , 2002, Maria Espinosa
Diasporas Within a Diaspora; Jews, Crypto-Jews, and the World of Maritime Empires 1540-1740 , 2002, Jonathan Irvine Israel
Tu Vi Marrano , 2002, Luciano Ascoli
The Evolution of Converso Literature: The Writings of the Converted Jews of Medieval Spain , 2002, Gregory B. Kaplan
Converso, ou, La Fuite au Mexique: Roman , 2002, Michel Host
Souls in Dispute: Converso Identities in Iberia and the Jewish Diaspora, 1580-1700 , 2003, David L. Graizbord
In the Shadow of the Virgin: Inquisitors, Frairs, and “Conversos” in Guadalupe, Spain , 2003, Gretchen D. Starr-LeBeau
Los Conversos en Espana y Portugal , 2003, Juan Ignacio Pulido Serrano
A Network of Converso Families in Early Modern Toledo: Assimilating a Minority , 2003, Linda Martz
The Marrano Legacy: A Contemporary Crypto-Jewish Priest Reveals Secrets of His Double Life , 2003, Trudi Alexy
La Geste del Marrano , 2003, Marcos Aquinis
Entre La Cruz y La Hoguera: Sefarditas, Conversos y Anusim , 2003, Manuel Hernandez Gomez
De Judios a Judeo-Conversos: Reflexiones Sobre El Ser Converso , 2003, Rica Amran
A Question of Identity: Iberian Conversos in Historical Perspectives , 2004, Renee Levine Melammed
The Converso Legacy , 2004, Sheldon Gardner
El Converso , 2004, Jose Manuel Fajardo Gonzalez
Inquisitional Inquiries: Brief Lives of Secret Jews and Other Heretics , 2004, Richard L. Kagan and Abigail Dyer
Remnants of Crypto-Jews Among Hispanic Americans , 2004, Gloria Golden
Crypto-Judaism, Madness, and “the Female Quixote”:Charlotte Lennox as Marrana in Mid-Eighteenth Century England , 2004, Norman T. Simms
To the End of the Earth: A History of the Crypto-Jews of New Mexico , 2005, Stanley M. Hordes
Dicionario Sefaradi de Sobrenomes/Dictionary of Sephardic Surnames: Inclusive Cristaos-Novos, Conversos, Marranos, Italianos, Berberes E Sua Historie Na Espanha, Portugal e Italia/Including Christianized Jews, Conversos , 2005, Guilhemme Faigenboim, Paulo Valadares, and Anna Rosa Compagnano
La Leyenda Negra de Expana y Los Marranos , 2006, Adolfo Kuznitzky
Converso, 2006, Hazel Arnett
Dying in the Law of Moses: Crypto-Jewish Martyrdom in the Iberian World , 2007, Miriam Bodian
Barros Basto, the Marrano Mirage: A New Vision of the Life and Work of the Apostle of the Marranos , 2007, Alexandre Teixeira Mendes
Dictionary of Iberian Jewish and Converso Authors , 2007, Norman Roth
My Grandmother’s Letters: A Jewish Legacy in the New World Among the Hidden Jews of New Mexico , 2007, Charlene Mitchell Gallegos Neely
Um Morgada de Miserias: O Auto de Um Poeta Marrano , 2007, Benair Alcaraz Fernandes Ribeiro
Marrano , 2007, P.E. Jeffe
Judios Conversos: La Influencia Hebrea en los Origenes de las Familias Tradicionales Argentinas , 2007, Mario Javier Saban
Carcao, A Capital do Marranismo , 2008, Maria Fernanda Guirmaraes and Julio Andrade
Brotherhood of the Light: A Novel About the Penitentes and the Crypto-Jews of New Mexico , 2008, Ray Michael Baca
Atlantic Diasporas: Jews, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism 1500-1800 , 2008, Richard L. Kagan and Philip D. Morgan
New Mexico’s Crypto-Jews: Image and Memory , 2008, Cary Herz, Ori Z. Soltes, and Mona Hernandez
Conversos of the Americas , 2008, Keith Fogel and Marlan E. Fogel
Guglielmo Raimondo Moncada Alias Flavio Mitridate: Un Ebreo Converso Siciliano , 2008, Luciana Pepi, Maauro Perani
Marranos on the Maradas: Secret Jews and Penitentes in the Southwestern United States , 2009, Norman T. Simms
The Other Within, the Marranos: Split Identity and Emerging Modernity , 2009, Yirmiyahu Yovel
Juggling Identities: Identity and Authenticity Among the Crypto-Jews , 2009, Seth D. Kunin
Converso , 2009, Mario X. Martinez
Portuguese Jewry at the Stake: Studies on Jews and Crypto Jews , 2009, Yom Tov Assis and Moises Orfali (eds). (in Hebrew)
2010-present (3 books, 3 words)
La Alianza del Converso , 2010, Augustin Bernaldo Palatchi
Mexicans of Converso Descent , 2010 (30 pages), Diego Rivera, Luis de Carabajal y Cueva, Diego de Montemayor, Francisco Guevara, Roberto de La Rocha
Hispanics of Converso Descent , 2010 (38 pages), Diego Rivera
Endnotes
1. Anusim is a plural term. As Lavender (2009) noted (p. 8), the term is rarely used in English in plural form and even less in singular form (anus or anous), probably because of the similarity to an English word that some readers consider negative. As a Hebrew word, it is used in Israel more than elsewhere. See Abraham D. Lavender, “The Secret Jews of Spain, Portugal, and Italy and Their Descendants Today: Major Issues in a Growing Field of Academic Research,” JOSPIC-J, Volume 1, Spring 2009, pp. 3-16. Since 2000, there is also a small tendency to use two different words, one in the title and another in the subtitle, perhaps reflecting the current ambiguity about the correct word, or the existence of a transition period, or, perhaps, to “play it safe” and get the “biggest bang for the buck.” This is also common in books about African Americans, or Blacks, frequently following this two-word pattern.
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